Q1. Which group dominated European society before the rise of nationalism?
a) Peasants
b) Aristocracy
c) Industrial workers
d) Middle class

Q2. The aristocracy across Europe was mainly united by:
a) Language and marriage alliances
b) Industrial wealth
c) Military power
d) Religion only

Q3. Which social class was the new carrier of nationalism in the 19th century?
a) Aristocracy
b) Peasants
c) Middle class
d) Clergy

Q4. The new middle class included:
a) Farmers and landlords
b) Industrialists, businessmen, professionals
c) Only soldiers
d) Priests and nobility

Q5. Why did the middle class resent aristocracy?
a) Because aristocracy had more land
b) Because aristocracy enjoyed privileges and monopolized power
c) Because aristocracy had no culture
d) Because aristocracy was poor

Q6. Which class demanded constitutionalism and representative government?
a) Aristocracy
b) Middle class
c) Peasants
d) Clergy

Q7. In 19th-century Europe, peasants were:
a) Completely free
b) Serfs and tenants under aristocrats
c) Political leaders
d) Revolutionaries always

Q8. Which of the following best describes the role of middle class in Europe?
a) They defended monarchy
b) They spread nationalism and liberal ideas
c) They supported feudal lords
d) They promoted conservatism

Q9. The word ‘liberalism’ in early 19th-century Europe stood for:
a) Freedom of markets and abolition of state restrictions
b) Totalitarian control
c) Expansion of monarchy
d) Religious orthodoxy

Q10. Politically, liberalism emphasized:
a) Preservation of monarchy
b) Individual freedom and representative government
c) Serfdom and slavery
d) Church control

Q11. Which of the following was NOT a demand of liberal-nationalists?
a) Equality before law
b) Abolition of aristocratic privileges
c) Free markets
d) Return of absolute monarchy

Q12. Economic liberalism demanded:
a) Free market economy
b) End of internal custom duties
c) Uniform currency and weights
d) All of the above

Q13. Which country was most affected by internal custom duties before unification?
a) Italy
b) Germany
c) France
d) Austria

Q14. Why was uniform currency demanded?
a) To simplify trade between states
b) To control peasants
c) To empower monarchy
d) To restrict industries

Q15. Which group mainly demanded economic liberalism?
a) Peasants
b) Industrial middle class
c) Aristocracy
d) Priests

Q16. “Equality before law, freedom of press, representative government” – These are features of:
a) Conservatism
b) Liberalism
c) Feudalism
d) Dictatorship

Q17. The Congress of Vienna (1815) was hosted by:
a) Britain
b) France
c) Austria
d) Germany

Q18. The Austrian Chancellor who led the Congress of Vienna was:
a) Bismarck
b) Metternich
c) Louis Philippe
d) Mazzini

Q19. The main aim of the Congress of Vienna was:
a) To spread democracy
b) To restore monarchies and conservative order
c) To abolish monarchy
d) To start revolutions

Q20. Which dynasty was restored to power in France after 1815?
a) Habsburg
b) Romanov
c) Bourbon
d) Hohenzollern

Q21. Conservatism stood for:
a) Preservation of monarchy, aristocracy, church
b) Free markets and liberty
c) Revolutionary democracy
d) Communism

Q22. Why did conservatives oppose nationalism?
a) It threatened their power and unity of empires
b) It increased trade
c) It supported monarchies
d) It supported aristocracy

Q23. What was the effect of conservative order?
a) Complete peace in Europe
b) Suppression of liberal-nationalist movements
c) Industrial progress only
d) Rise of aristocracy

Q24. Which revolts later challenged the Vienna Settlement?
a) Revolts of 1830 and 1848
b) American Revolution
c) Russian Revolution
d) French Revolution of 1789

Q25. Who founded the secret society “Young Italy”?
a) Garibaldi
b) Giuseppe Mazzini
c) Metternich
d) Bismarck

Q26. What was the aim of Young Italy?
a) Free trade
b) Establishment of a united, republican Italy
c) Strengthen monarchy
d) Spread aristocracy

Q27. Giuseppe Mazzini also founded:
a) Young Europe
b) Young France
c) Young Germany
d) Young Austria

Q28. The revolutionaries wanted:
a) Monarchical restoration
b) Creation of nation-states based on people’s will
c) Stronger aristocracy
d) Imperial expansion

Q29. Revolutionaries spread ideas of nationalism through:
a) Underground societies and writings
b) Churches and aristocracy
c) Peasants’ festivals
d) Trade unions only

Q30. The main enemies of revolutionaries in Europe were:
a) Conservatives and monarchies
b) Middle class
c) Industrialists
d) Peasants

Answer Key + Explanations

Q1. b – Aristocracy dominated before nationalism.
Q2. a – Aristocracy united by language, marriages, culture.
Q3. c – Middle class became carriers of nationalism.
Q4. b – Industrialists, businessmen, professionals.
Q5. b – Aristocracy monopolized privileges.
Q6. b – Middle class demanded constitutions.
Q7. b – Peasants mostly serfs under aristocrats.
Q8. b – Middle class spread nationalism.

Q9. a – Liberalism = free markets.
Q10. b – Political liberalism = representative govt.
Q11. d – Monarchy return was NOT a liberal demand.
Q12. d – All of these.
Q13. b – Germany had 39 states → heavy duties.
Q14. a – To simplify trade.
Q15. b – Industrial middle class.
Q16. b – Liberalism.

Q17. c – Austria hosted it.
Q18. b – Metternich.
Q19. b – Restore monarchies.
Q20. c – Bourbon dynasty.
Q21. a – Preserve monarchy, church, aristocracy.
Q22. a – Nationalism threatened them.
Q23. b – Suppression of movements.
Q24. a – Revolts of 1830, 1848.

Q25. b – Mazzini founded Young Italy.
Q26. b – Aim = united republic Italy.
Q27. a – Young Europe.
Q28. b – People’s nation-states.
Q29. a – Underground societies, writings.
Q30. a – Conservatives and monarchs.