Chapter 1: The Rise of Nationalism in Europe

Q1. (VSA) Explain any two beliefs of conservatism that emerged after 1815. Answer: * Preservation of Institutions: Conservatives believed that established, traditional institutions of state and society, such as the monarchy, the Church, social hierarchies, property, and the family, should be preserved.+2

• Modernization as Strength: They did not necessarily want to return to pre-revolutionary days; instead, they believed that modernization could actually strengthen traditional institutions like the monarchy, making state power more effective and strong.+1

Q2. (SA) In Britain, the formation of the nation-state was the result of a long-drawn-out process. Analyse this statement. Answer: * The primary identities of people in the British Isles were ethnic ones (English, Welsh, Scot, or Irish).

• The English nation steadily grew in wealth, importance, and power, which allowed it to extend its influence over the other nations of the islands.
• The Act of Union (1707) between England and Scotland resulted in the formation of the ‘United Kingdom of Great Britain’, which effectively meant that England was able to impose its influence on Scotland.

Q3. (LA) Highlight the significant provisions of the Treaty of Vienna (1815). Answer: * Restoration of Monarchy: The Bourbon dynasty, which had been deposed during the French Revolution, was restored to power.+4

• Prevention of French Expansion: A series of states were set up on the boundaries of France to prevent future French expansion.+1
• Territorial Changes: The Kingdom of the Netherlands (including Belgium) was set up in the north, and Genoa was added to Piedmont in the south.+1
• Prussian Gains: Prussia was given important new territories on its western frontiers, while Austria was given control of northern Italy.+1
• German Confederation: The German confederation of 39 states that had been set up by Napoleon was left untouched

1. THE RISE OF NATIONALISM IN EUROPE

🔹 MCQs (1 Mark Each)

Q1. Who was proclaimed Emperor of Germany in 1871?
(a) Bismarck
(b) Kaiser William I
(c) Metternich
(d) Mazzini

✅ Answer: (b) Kaiser William I

Q2. The Treaty of Vienna (1815) was hosted by:
(a) Napoleon
(b) Metternich
(c) Garibaldi
(d) Cavour

✅ Answer: (b) Metternich

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🔹 2 Marks Question

Q3. What is meant by Liberalism in political sense?
✅ Answer:
Liberalism means freedom for the individual and equality before law. It stands for government by consent, freedom of speech, and right to property.

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🔹 3 Marks Question

Q4. Explain any three features of Romanticism.
✅ Answer:

1. It developed national feeling through art and poetry.
2. It glorified folk culture and traditions.
3. It promoted emotional appeal against reason and science.

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🔹 5 Marks Question (Most Expected)

Q5. Describe the process of German Unification.
✅ Answer:

1. Prussia led the movement under Otto von Bismarck.
2. Three wars were fought — with Denmark, Austria and France.
3. Prussia defeated France in 1871.
4. German princes met at Versailles.
5. Kaiser William I was proclaimed Emperor of Germany.

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🔹 Case Study Based Question (4 Marks)

Source: Frankfurt Parliament (1848)

Questions:

1. Why was Frankfurt Parliament convened?
2. Why did it fail?

✅ Answers:

1. To draft a constitution for united Germany.
2. King of Prussia rejected crown; no military support; dominated by middle class.

Chapter 2: Nationalism in India

Q4. (VSA) What was the primary aim of the Non-Cooperation Movement in India? Answer: The primary aim of the Non-Cooperation Movement, led by Mahatma Gandhi, was to achieve Swaraj (self-rule) or complete independence from British rule. It also aimed to support the Khilafat cause.+2

Q5. (SA) “A variety of cultural processes played an important role in developing a sense of nationalism in India.” Support with examples. Answer: * Identity through Images: The identity of the nation was symbolized in the image of Bharat Mata, first created by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay.+1

• Folklore and Songs: Nationalists began recording folk tales sung by bards and toured villages to gather folk songs and legends to discover their national identity.
• Icons and Symbols: Icons like the tricolor flag (first designed during the Swadeshi movement) became a symbol of defiance and unity.

Q6. (LA) Describe the principles of Satyagraha as explained by Mahatma Gandhi. Answer: * Truth (Satya): Satyagraha emphasizes the power of truth and the need to search for truth. It suggests that if the cause is true and the struggle is against injustice, physical force is not necessary.+4

• Non-Violence (Ahimsa): A satyagrahi wins the battle through non-violence. This is done by appealing to the conscience of the oppressor rather than using coercion.+2
• Active Resistance: It is not “passive resistance” but active, non-violent resistance to injustice that requires immense internal strength.+2
• Self-Sacrifice: A satyagrahi must be willing to endure suffering and pain without retaliation to transform the heart of the oppressor.

2. NATIONALISM IN INDIA

🔹 MCQs

Q1. Rowlatt Act was passed in:
(a) 1916
(b) 1919
(c) 1920
(d) 1930

✅ (b) 1919

Q2. Who led the Civil Disobedience Movement?
✅ Mahatma Gandhi

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🔹 2 Marks

Q3. What was Khilafat Movement?
✅ It was a movement by Indian Muslims to protect the Ottoman Caliph. Gandhi supported it to unite Hindus and Muslims.

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🔹 3 Marks (Very Important)

Q4. Why did Gandhi withdraw the Non-Cooperation Movement?
✅

1. Due to Chauri Chaura incident (violent clash).
2. Policemen were killed.
3. Gandhi believed in non-violence.

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🔹 5 Marks (Highly Expected)

Q5. Explain the Salt March and its significance.
✅

1. Gandhi started march from Sabarmati to Dandi in 1930.
2. Broke salt law by making salt.
3. Protested against British monopoly.
4. Movement spread nationwide.
5. Showed unity and mass participation.

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🔹 Case Study (Source Based)

Source: Civil Disobedience Movement

1. Why was salt chosen as symbol?
2. Name two groups that participated.

✅

1. Salt was used by everyone; tax affected poor.
2. Peasants, women, industrial workers, merchants.

Chapter 3: The Making of a Global World

Q7. (VSA) Explain how trade and cultural exchange went hand in hand in the pre-modern world. Answer: * Silk Routes: These ancient routes carried goods like silk and spices and also served as pathways for cultural ideas and religions like Buddhism and Christianity.+2

• Missionary Movements: Alongside traders, Christian missionaries and Muslim preachers traveled these routes, spreading their faiths across continents.

Q8. (VSA) ‘Sometimes new crops could make the difference between life and death.’ Explain with examples. Answer: * Better Nutrition: New crops like potatoes, soya, groundnuts, and maize changed the lives of the poor because they could eat better and live longer.+2

• Irish Potato Famine: In the mid-1840s, Ireland’s poorest peasants became so dependent on potatoes that when a disease destroyed the crop, hundreds of thousands died of starvation.

3. THE MAKING OF A GLOBAL WORLD

🔹 MCQs

Q1. Corn Laws were abolished in:
(a) 1815
(b) 1833
(c) 1846
(d) 1857

✅ (c) 1846

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🔹 2 Marks

Q2. What was indentured labour?
✅ Labourers were hired under contract to work in plantations abroad for fixed years.

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🔹 3 Marks

Q3. Explain effects of First World War on India.
✅

1. Increased defence expenditure.
2. Taxes were raised.
3. Prices doubled leading to hardships.

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🔹 5 Marks (Most Important)

Q4. Explain how technology helped globalisation.
✅

1. Railways and steamships reduced travel time.
2. Refrigerated ships allowed food transport.
3. Telegraph enabled faster communication.
4. Suez Canal reduced distance.
5. Industrial production increased trade.

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🔹 Case Study (Likely Area: Great Depression)

1. What was Great Depression?
2. Its impact on Indian farmers?

✅

1. Global economic crisis (1929).
2. Agricultural prices fell.
3. Farmers suffered debt burden.

Chapter 4: Print Culture and the Modern World

Q9. (CBQ – Case Based) Read the following excerpt and answer:

“The task of the native newspapers… is to critically examine government policy… to suggest improvements… and ensure speedy implementation.”

• 8.1. Why did individuals like Krishnaji Trimbuck Ranade publish newspapers? Answer: To afford useful information on topics of local interest and provide a platform for free discussion on subjects like scientific investigation and history.
• 8.2. How were native newspapers compared to the ‘Opposition’ in Parliament? Answer: Their role was seen as identical to the Opposition because they critically examined government policies, suggested improvements, and represented the needs of the people.
• 8.3. Analyze why newspapers became popular in the 19th century. Answer: They became popular because they facilitated the diffusion of knowledge, promoted the welfare of the people, and provided a space for public debate on social and political reforms.+1

Q10. (VSA) Who did Louise-Sebastien Mercier refer to as “tyrants of the world”? Answer: Mercier referred to absolutist institutions, specifically the monarchy and the church, who should “tremble” before the power of the virtual writer and the printing press.

4. PRINT CULTURE AND THE MODERN WORLD

🔹 MCQs

Q1. Gutenberg invented printing press in:
(a) 1440
(b) 1540
(c) 1640
(d) 1740

✅ (a) 1440

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🔹 2 Marks

Q2. What was Vernacular Press Act (1878)?
✅ Law to control Indian language newspapers and restrict criticism of British.

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🔹 3 Marks

Q3. How did print help spread nationalism?
✅

1. Newspapers spread political ideas.
2. Books created awareness.
3. Enabled debate and discussion.

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🔹 5 Marks (Very Important)

Q4. Explain the impact of print culture in India.
✅

1. Spread of social reforms.
2. Growth of nationalism.
3. Women education improved.
4. Religious debates increased.
5. Public opinion developed.

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🔹 Case Study (Likely 2026 Area)

Source: Print and Women

1. How did print empower women?
2. Name two women writers.

✅

1. Provided education material.
2. Women wrote books and magazines.
   Examples: Rashsundari Devi, Tarabai Shinde.