Development – Class 10 | Economics | CBSE Board Exam

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🔹 Short Answer Questions (3 Marks Each) – 12 Qs

Q1. (2010) What is meant by development? Give two examples.
Answer:
Development means an increase in income as well as improvement in the quality of life (education, health, freedom, security).
Examples:

1. A factory worker wanting better wages and safe working conditions.
2. A farmer wanting irrigation facilities along with higher crop yield.

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Q2. (2011) Why do different people have different developmental goals?
Answer:
People seek different goals depending on their situation:

• A farmer wants better price for crops.
• A student wants quality education.
• A girl may want freedom and respect.
  Hence, development is relative and varies from person to person.

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Q3. (2012) Write three differences between economic development and human development.
Answer:

• Economic development → Rise in income/production.
• Human development → Improvement in education, health, gender equality.
• Economic development may not reach all; human development ensures equity.

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Q4. (2013) State any three reasons why average income is taken as a measure of development.
Answer:

• It shows per capita availability of income.
• Helps compare different countries/states.
• Reflects standard of living of citizens.

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Q5. (2014) What are Public Facilities? Give examples.
Answer:
Public facilities are services provided by the government for collective welfare.
Examples: Schools, hospitals, drinking water, sanitation, transport, electricity.

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Q6. (2015) State any three limitations of per capita income as an indicator of development.
Answer:

• It does not show income distribution.
• Ignores non-monetary aspects like literacy/health.
• High average income may hide poverty of many.

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Q7. (2016) Distinguish between ‘development’ and ‘growth.’
Answer:

• Growth: Quantitative increase in goods/services.
• Development: Qualitative improvement in living standard.
• Growth may not ensure equity; development is people-oriented.

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Q8. (2017) Why is sustainable development necessary? State any three reasons.
Answer:

• Natural resources are limited.
• Overuse causes environmental damage.
• Future generations also need resources.

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Q9. (2018) What does Human Development Index (HDI) measure?
Answer:
HDI measures development based on:

1. Per capita income.
2. Life expectancy at birth.
3. Literacy rate/educational levels.

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Q10. (2019) Why is per capita income not a true indicator of development? Explain.
Answer:

• Hides inequalities.
• Ignores education/health facilities.
• Does not reflect sustainable use of resources.

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Q11. (2020) State any three points of difference between developed and developing countries.
Answer:

• Developed → High income; Developing → Low/Middle income.
• Developed → High HDI; Developing → Moderate/low HDI.
• Developed → Better infrastructure/health/education; Developing → Inadequate facilities.

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Q12. (2022) Mention any three non-material things people look for in development.
Answer:

• Equality and dignity.
• Freedom of speech and choice.
• Security and respect from society.

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🔹 Long Answer Questions (5 Marks Each) – 10 Qs

Q1. (2010) “Development of a country can generally be determined by its per capita income.” Explain with limitations.
Answer:

• It shows average income per person.
• Useful for comparison between countries.
  Limitations:
• Does not show distribution of income.
• Ignores health, education, environment.
• May hide poverty in large population groups.

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Q2. (2011) What is Sustainable Development? Suggest five ways to achieve it.
Answer:
Meaning: Development without harming environment/resources for future generations.
Ways:

1. Use renewable energy.
2. Reduce deforestation.
3. Encourage recycling.
4. Control population growth.
5. Adopt eco-friendly technology.

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Q3. (2012) Why do we use averages? Explain with example. What are the limitations of using averages in comparison?
Answer:

• Averages help in simple comparison (e.g., comparing per capita income of states).
• Limitations: Does not show inequalities, ignores non-material aspects, hides regional disparity.

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Q4. (2013) Compare developmental goals of a rich farmer, landless farmer, a girl, and a businessman.
Answer:

• Rich farmer → Better irrigation, machinery.
• Landless farmer → Employment, fair wages.
• Girl → Education, equality, safety.
• Businessman → Profits, market expansion.
  Conclusion: Goals differ but all aim at better quality of life.

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Q5. (2014) “Public facilities are equally important as income for development.” Justify with examples.
Answer:

• Education and health improve human capital.
• Clean water/sanitation reduce diseases.
• Public transport helps mobility.
• Income alone cannot ensure a good life without these facilities.

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Q6. (2015) Why is Human Development Index considered a better measure of development than income alone? Explain.
Answer:

• HDI includes life expectancy, education, and per capita income.
• Reflects both quantitative and qualitative development.
• Income alone cannot measure equality, literacy, or health.

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Q7. (2016) Explain any five problems faced by people in India due to non-availability of public facilities.
Answer:

• Lack of drinking water → Diseases.
• Poor sanitation → Unhygienic conditions.
• Lack of healthcare → High mortality.
• Inadequate education → Illiteracy/unemployment.
• Poor electricity/transport → Low productivity.

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Q8. (2018) “Money cannot buy all the goods and services one needs to live well.” Justify the statement.
Answer:

• Education, security, pollution-free environment not always purchasable.
• Public facilities like clean roads, safe drinking water require government support.
• Respect, freedom, equality cannot be bought.

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Q9. (2020) Explain the importance of sustainable development with examples.
Answer:

• Ensures resources for future generations.
• Prevents environmental degradation.
• Example: Using solar power instead of coal.
• Example: Water harvesting for sustainable water use.

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Q10. (2023) Different people have different developmental goals. Explain this statement with examples.
Answer:

• Development depends on individual needs.
• Example: Worker → Better wages, Farmer → Irrigation, Student → Good education, Woman → Equality.
• This shows development is multi-dimensional, not the same for everyone.