🔵 CHAPTER 1: The Rise of Nationalism in Europe

🔎 A. Concept Master Revision

1️⃣ French Revolution (1789) – Foundation of Modern Nationalism

Sovereignty shifted from monarch → citizens
La patrie & le citoyen
Tricolour flag
National Assembly
Uniform laws, common currency
Abolition of feudalism
Civil Code (Napoleon, 1804)

2️⃣ Congress of Vienna (1815)

Metternich
Restoration of monarchies
Suppression of liberalism
Balance of power

3️⃣ 1830 & 1848 Revolutions

Greece independence (1832)
Frankfurt Parliament failed (1848)

4️⃣ Unification

Italy → Mazzini, Cavour, Garibaldi, Victor Emmanuel II
Germany → Bismarck (Blood & Iron), 1871

5️⃣ Balkan Crisis & WWI Causes

Slavic nationalism
Ottoman decline
Russia vs Austria rivalry
Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand (1914)

📌 B. MCQs (Board Standard)

Who hosted the Congress of Vienna?
a) Napoleon
b) Metternich
c) Bismarck
d) Mazzini
✔ Ans: b
The Civil Code of 1804 is known as:
a) Napoleonic Code
b) Vienna Code
c) Frankfurt Code
d) Berlin Code
✔ Ans: a
Policy of ‘Blood and Iron’ is associated with:
✔ Otto von Bismarck
The immediate cause of WWI was:
✔ Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand

📝 C. SAQs (2–3 Marks)

Mention any two features of Napoleonic Code.
Why did Frankfurt Parliament fail?
State two outcomes of Congress of Vienna.
Name two symbols used to represent nation in Europe.

✍️ D. LAQs (5 Marks)

Q. Explain the impact of the French Revolution on Europe.

Points:

End of absolute monarchy
Spread of liberalism
National identity
Civil Code reforms
Inspired other revolutions

Q. Evaluate the causes of the First World War.

Militarism
Alliances
Imperialism
Balkan nationalism
Immediate cause (1914 assassination)

📊 E. Assertion–Reason

A: The Frankfurt Parliament failed to unify Germany.
R: The monarchies opposed liberal demands.
✔ Both true, R correct explanation.

A: Balkan region became the cause of WWI.
R: Rise of aggressive nationalism and rivalries.
✔ Both true.

🔵 CHAPTER 2: Nationalism in India

🔎 A. Core Revision

1️⃣ Impact of First World War

Heavy taxes
Forced recruitment
Inflation
Crop failure
Economic hardship

Led to:

Khilafat Movement
Non-Cooperation Movement

2️⃣ Gandhiji’s Early Movements

Champaran (1917)
Kheda (1918)
Ahmedabad (1918)

3️⃣ Non-Cooperation Movement (1920–22)

Boycott schools, courts
Khadi
Swadeshi
Ended after Chauri Chaura

4️⃣ Civil Disobedience Movement (1930)

Salt March
Breaking salt law
No tax campaign
Gandhi-Irwin Pact

5️⃣ Sense of Collective Belonging

Bharat Mata
National flag
Folk songs
Symbols & history

📌 B. MCQs

Rowlatt Act was passed in:
✔ 1919
Khilafat Movement was led by:
✔ Ali Brothers
Salt March started from:
✔ Sabarmati Ashram
Chauri Chaura incident led to:
✔ Withdrawal of Non-Cooperation Movement

📝 C. SAQs

Why did Gandhiji withdraw Non-Cooperation?
Mention any two demands of peasants in Awadh.
Write two features of Civil Disobedience Movement.

✍️ D. LAQs

Q. Explain the role of different social groups in the nationalist movement.

Peasants – Awadh, Bardoli
Tribals – Alluri Sitarama Raju
Workers – Strikes
Women – Picketing, protests

Q. Evaluate Gandhiji’s methods.

Non-violence
Mass participation
Boycott
Civil disobedience
Success & limitations

📊 E. Assertion–Reason

A: The Non-Cooperation Movement was withdrawn in 1922.
R: Violence broke out at Chauri Chaura.
✔ Both true, R correct explanation.

A: The First World War created hardship in India.
R: Taxes were increased and prices rose.
✔ Both true.

🔵 CHAPTER 3: The Making of a Global World

(Subtopic: Pre-modern World)

🔎 A. Concept Revision

Silk Routes
Trade in silk, spices
Spread of religions
Columbian Exchange
European colonisation
Smallpox destruction
Slave trade beginnings

📌 B. MCQs

Silk Routes linked:
✔ Asia with Europe
Smallpox affected:
✔ Native Americans

📝 SAQs

What was the importance of Silk Routes?
Mention two food items that travelled to Europe.

✍️ LAQ

Explain the features of the pre-modern world economy.

Trade networks
Cultural exchange
Migration
Disease spread
Colonisation beginnings

📊 Assertion–Reason

A: Trade routes connected distant regions.
R: Exchange of goods and ideas took place.
✔ Both true.

🔵 CHAPTER 5: Print Culture and the Modern World

🔎 A. Core Revision

1️⃣ Print in East Asia

Woodblock printing
China, Japan
Civil service books

2️⃣ Gutenberg Press (1440s)

Movable type
Printing revolution

3️⃣ Print & Reformation

Martin Luther
Spread of Protestantism

4️⃣ Print in India

First press – 1556
Vernacular press
Reform movements
Vernacular Press Act (1878)

📌 B. MCQs

Gutenberg was from:
✔ Germany
Vernacular Press Act passed in:
✔ 1878
Martin Luther was associated with:
✔ Reformation

📝 SAQs

Mention two impacts of print revolution.
Difference between manuscript and print.

✍️ LAQs

Q. Explain the impact of Print Revolution on Europe.

Spread of knowledge
Rise of reading culture
Scientific thinking
Religious reform
Political awareness

Q. Explain the role of print in India’s freedom movement.

Newspapers spread nationalism
Public opinion
Reform movements
Political mobilisation

📊 Assertion–Reason

A: Print created new reading public.
R: Books became cheaper and widely available.
✔ Both true.

A: Vernacular Press Act was passed to support newspapers.
R: British wanted to control criticism.
✔ A false, R true.

🎯 HIGH-PROBABILITY 5 MARK QUESTIONS (2025–26)

Impact of French Revolution
Unification of Germany
Causes of WWI
Civil Disobedience Movement
Role of different groups in nationalism
Print revolution and its impact
Impact of First World War on India

History (India and the Contemporary World – II) CBSE Class 10 2025-26 pattern

Chapter 1: The Rise of Nationalism in Europe

Learning Outcomes: Impact of French Revolution, Social Movements, Evolution of Nation-States, and causes of WWI.

MCQ: Who was described by Metternich as “the most dangerous enemy of our social order”?
- Answer: Giuseppe Mazzini.
Assertion & Reason:
- Assertion (A): The 1830s were years of great economic hardship in Europe.
- Reason (R): There was an enormous increase in population all over Europe, and the rise of food prices led to widespread pauperism.
- Answer: Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
SA (3M): How did the French Revolution create a sense of collective identity among the French people?
- Answer: The ideas of la patrie (the fatherland) and le citoyen (the citizen) emphasized the notion of a united community. A new French flag (the tricolor) replaced the former royal standard. The Estates General was renamed the National Assembly, and a centralized administrative system was put in place.
LA (5M): Explain the stages of the Unification of Germany.
- Answer: 1. Failure of 1848: Middle-class Germans tried to unite the regions into a nation-state governed by a parliament, but were repressed by the monarchy and military. 2. Prussian Leadership: Prussia took on the leadership under Chief Minister Otto von Bismarck. 3. Blood and Iron Policy: Bismarck carried out unification with the help of the Prussian army and bureaucracy. 4. Three Wars: Over seven years, Prussia fought three wars (with Austria, Denmark, and France), ending in Prussian victory. 5. Proclamation: In January 1871, the Prussian King, William I, was proclaimed German Emperor at Versailles.
VSA (2M): How did Balkan nationalism lead to the First World War?
- Answer: The Balkans were a region of intense ethnic conflict. As different Slavic nationalities struggled to define their identity and independence, the area became a scene of big power rivalry (Russia, Germany, England, Austro-Hungary) over trade and colonies, which eventually led to WWI.

Chapter 2: Nationalism in India

Learning Outcomes: Collective Belonging, Gandhian Strategies, and Impact of WWI.

MCQ: Which incident led Mahatma Gandhi to halt the Non-Cooperation Movement?
- Answer: The Chauri Chaura incident (1922).
Assertion & Reason:
- Assertion (A): The Rowlatt Act was called the “Black Act” by Indians.
- Reason (R): It allowed the government to detain political prisoners without trial for two years.
- Answer: Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
SA (3M): How did the First World War help in the growth of the National Movement in India?
- Answer: The war created a new economic and political situation. It led to a huge increase in defense expenditure, financed by war loans and increasing taxes. Forced recruitment in rural areas caused widespread anger. This was coupled with crop failures and the influenza epidemic, creating a platform for a mass struggle.
LA (5M): “The Civil Disobedience Movement was different from the Non-Cooperation Movement.” Justify.
- Answer: * Objective: Non-Cooperation aimed at Swaraj, while Civil Disobedience aimed at Purna Swaraj (Complete Independence).
  - Methods: In Non-Cooperation, people were asked not to cooperate with the British. In Civil Disobedience, people were asked to break colonial laws (e.g., the Salt Law).
  - Participation: Civil Disobedience saw large-scale participation from rich peasant communities and industrial merchants, whereas Non-Cooperation had a larger base among the urban middle class and students.
SA (3M): How did icons and symbols help in creating a sense of collective belonging?
- Answer: The image of Bharat Mata gave the nation a visual form. Devotion to this mother figure came to be seen as evidence of one’s nationalism. Additionally, the Tricolor flag (designed during the Swadeshi movement and later modified by Gandhi) became a symbol of defiance and unity.

Chapter 3: The Making of a Global World (Subtopic 1: Pre-modern World)

Learning Outcomes: Silk Routes, Food Travels, and Biological Conquest.

MCQ: Which food item is believed to have traveled from China to the West to become spaghetti?
- Answer: Noodles.
VSA (2M): What was the significance of the Silk Routes?
- Answer: They were vibrant pre-modern trade and cultural links connecting distant parts of the world. They carried goods like Chinese silk and Indian spices, and also served as a medium for the spread of religions like Buddhism, Christianity, and Islam.
SA (3M): How did “Smallpox” help in the conquest of America by the Europeans?
- Answer: The American original inhabitants had no immunity against European diseases like smallpox. It proved a deadly killer. Once introduced, it spread deep into the continent, ahead of any Europeans, killing whole communities and paving the way for easy conquest without using guns.

Chapter 5: Print Culture and the Modern World

Learning Outcomes: Evolution of Print, Manuscripts vs. Print, and the Print Revolution.

MCQ: Who invented the first printing press in Europe?
- Answer: Johann Gutenberg.
Assertion & Reason:
- Assertion (A): In the 18th century, many people believed that books would liberate the world from tyranny.
- Reason (R): Print popularized the ideas of Enlightenment thinkers who argued for reason and rationality.
- Answer: Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
SA (3M): Differentiate between handwritten manuscripts and printed books.
- Answer: * Accessibility: Manuscripts were expensive and fragile, while printed books were cheap and produced in large numbers.
  - Labor: Manuscripts were time-consuming to copy by hand; the printing press could produce thousands of copies quickly.
  - Reach: Manuscripts were limited to the elite, while print created a “reading public” that included common people.
LA (5M): “The print revolution was not just a new way of producing books; it transformed the lives of people.” Explain.
- Answer: 1. New Reading Public: It reduced the cost of books, making them accessible to a wider audience. 2. Debate and Discussion: Print created a new culture of dialogue. Ideas of social and religious reformers (like Martin Luther or Raja Ram Mohan Roy) reached people quickly, stimulating critical thinking. 3. Spread of Knowledge: Literacy rates climbed in Europe as schools were set up for the working classes. 4. Political Impact: It popularized Enlightenment ideas (Voltaire and Rousseau), which questioned authority and paved the way for the French Revolution.

Map Work (2 Marks – Section A)

History Identification:
1. Place where the Jallianwala Bagh incident occurred: Amritsar.
2. Place where the Indigo Planters Movement took place: Champaran.
3. Congress Session of 1929 (Purna Swaraj): Lahore.

Unification of Germany (5 Marks)

The unification of Germany was completed in 1871 under the leadership of Otto von Bismarck, the Chief Minister of Prussia. The process was driven by strong nationalism and military strategy.

1️⃣ Role of Otto von Bismarck

Bismarck believed in the policy of “Blood and Iron”, meaning unification through wars and military power rather than speeches and debates.

2️⃣ Role of Prussia

Prussia was the most powerful German state and led the unification process. Its army and administration were very strong.

3️⃣ Three Wars of Unification

Bismarck fought three wars to unite Germany:

War with Denmark (1864) – gained Schleswig and Holstein.
War with Austria (1866) – defeated Austria and removed it from German affairs.
War with France (1870–71) – united German states against a common enemy.

4️⃣ Proclamation of German Empire

In January 1871, the German Empire was proclaimed at the Palace of Versailles, and King William I of Prussia was declared the German Emperor.

5️⃣ Conclusion

Thus, Germany was unified under Prussian leadership through military power and nationalist feelings. It became a strong nation-state in Europe.

In 1848, the Frankfurt Parliament was formed.

It was an attempt by liberal nationalists to unify Germany through constitutional means, not by war.

Representatives from different German states met in the St. Paul’s Church in Frankfurt.
They drafted a constitution for a unified Germany.
They offered the crown to King Frederick William IV of Prussia.
He rejected it, saying he would not accept a crown from elected representatives.

👉 As a result, the 1848 attempt at unification failed.

So:

1864–1871 → Bismarck’s military unification (successful)

1848 → Liberal attempt (failed)

Mention any two demands of peasants in Awadh

Two major demands of peasants in Awadh during the Non-Cooperation Movement were:

1️⃣ Reduction of land revenue – Peasants demanded lower taxes as they were burdened with very high revenue demands by taluqdars and the British government.

2️⃣ Abolition of begar (forced labour) – They wanted an end to unpaid labour imposed by landlords.

👉 The movement in Awadh was led by Baba Ramchandra.

All of My Interest

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