🔹 Short Answer Questions (3 Marks Each) – 12 Qs
Q1. (2010) What is meant by development? Give two examples.
Answer:
Development means an increase in income as well as improvement in the quality of life (education, health, freedom, security).
Examples:
- A factory worker wanting better wages and safe working conditions.
- A farmer wanting irrigation facilities along with higher crop yield.
Q2. (2011) Why do different people have different developmental goals?
Answer:
People seek different goals depending on their situation:
- A farmer wants better price for crops.
- A student wants quality education.
- A girl may want freedom and respect.
Hence, development is relative and varies from person to person.
Q3. (2012) Write three differences between economic development and human development.
Answer:
- Economic development → Rise in income/production.
- Human development → Improvement in education, health, gender equality.
- Economic development may not reach all; human development ensures equity.
Q4. (2013) State any three reasons why average income is taken as a measure of development.
Answer:
- It shows per capita availability of income.
- Helps compare different countries/states.
- Reflects standard of living of citizens.
Q5. (2014) What are Public Facilities? Give examples.
Answer:
Public facilities are services provided by the government for collective welfare.
Examples: Schools, hospitals, drinking water, sanitation, transport, electricity.
Q6. (2015) State any three limitations of per capita income as an indicator of development.
Answer:
- It does not show income distribution.
- Ignores non-monetary aspects like literacy/health.
- High average income may hide poverty of many.
Q7. (2016) Distinguish between ‘development’ and ‘growth.’
Answer:
- Growth: Quantitative increase in goods/services.
- Development: Qualitative improvement in living standard.
- Growth may not ensure equity; development is people-oriented.
Q8. (2017) Why is sustainable development necessary? State any three reasons.
Answer:
- Natural resources are limited.
- Overuse causes environmental damage.
- Future generations also need resources.
Q9. (2018) What does Human Development Index (HDI) measure?
Answer:
HDI measures development based on:
- Per capita income.
- Life expectancy at birth.
- Literacy rate/educational levels.
Q10. (2019) Why is per capita income not a true indicator of development? Explain.
Answer:
- Hides inequalities.
- Ignores education/health facilities.
- Does not reflect sustainable use of resources.
Q11. (2020) State any three points of difference between developed and developing countries.
Answer:
- Developed → High income; Developing → Low/Middle income.
- Developed → High HDI; Developing → Moderate/low HDI.
- Developed → Better infrastructure/health/education; Developing → Inadequate facilities.
Q12. (2022) Mention any three non-material things people look for in development.
Answer:
- Equality and dignity.
- Freedom of speech and choice.
- Security and respect from society.
🔹 Long Answer Questions (5 Marks Each) – 10 Qs
Q1. (2010) “Development of a country can generally be determined by its per capita income.” Explain with limitations.
Answer:
- It shows average income per person.
- Useful for comparison between countries.
Limitations: - Does not show distribution of income.
- Ignores health, education, environment.
- May hide poverty in large population groups.
Q2. (2011) What is Sustainable Development? Suggest five ways to achieve it.
Answer:
Meaning: Development without harming environment/resources for future generations.
Ways:
- Use renewable energy.
- Reduce deforestation.
- Encourage recycling.
- Control population growth.
- Adopt eco-friendly technology.
Q3. (2012) Why do we use averages? Explain with example. What are the limitations of using averages in comparison?
Answer:
- Averages help in simple comparison (e.g., comparing per capita income of states).
- Limitations: Does not show inequalities, ignores non-material aspects, hides regional disparity.
Q4. (2013) Compare developmental goals of a rich farmer, landless farmer, a girl, and a businessman.
Answer:
- Rich farmer → Better irrigation, machinery.
- Landless farmer → Employment, fair wages.
- Girl → Education, equality, safety.
- Businessman → Profits, market expansion.
Conclusion: Goals differ but all aim at better quality of life.
Q5. (2014) “Public facilities are equally important as income for development.” Justify with examples.
Answer:
- Education and health improve human capital.
- Clean water/sanitation reduce diseases.
- Public transport helps mobility.
- Income alone cannot ensure a good life without these facilities.
Q6. (2015) Why is Human Development Index considered a better measure of development than income alone? Explain.
Answer:
- HDI includes life expectancy, education, and per capita income.
- Reflects both quantitative and qualitative development.
- Income alone cannot measure equality, literacy, or health.
Q7. (2016) Explain any five problems faced by people in India due to non-availability of public facilities.
Answer:
- Lack of drinking water → Diseases.
- Poor sanitation → Unhygienic conditions.
- Lack of healthcare → High mortality.
- Inadequate education → Illiteracy/unemployment.
- Poor electricity/transport → Low productivity.
Q8. (2018) “Money cannot buy all the goods and services one needs to live well.” Justify the statement.
Answer:
- Education, security, pollution-free environment not always purchasable.
- Public facilities like clean roads, safe drinking water require government support.
- Respect, freedom, equality cannot be bought.
Q9. (2020) Explain the importance of sustainable development with examples.
Answer:
- Ensures resources for future generations.
- Prevents environmental degradation.
- Example: Using solar power instead of coal.
- Example: Water harvesting for sustainable water use.
Q10. (2023) Different people have different developmental goals. Explain this statement with examples.
Answer:
- Development depends on individual needs.
- Example: Worker → Better wages, Farmer → Irrigation, Student → Good education, Woman → Equality.
- This shows development is multi-dimensional, not the same for everyone.
